Department of History

Professors Emeriti: Dorothea R. French, Steven M. Gelber, George F. Giacomini Jr., Jo B. Margadant, Timothy J. O'Keefe, Peter O'M. Pierson, Sita Anantha Raman, Robert M. Senkewicz

Professors: Barbara A. Molony (Walter E. Schmidt, S.J., Professor), Amy E. Randall, David E. Skinner, Nancy C. Unger (Department Chair)

Associate Professors: Naomi J. Andrews, Arthur F. Liebscher, S.J., Paul P. Mariani, S.J. (Edmund Campion, S.J., Professor), Matthew L. Newsom Kerr, Harry N.K. Odamtten, Thomas P. Turley

Courtesy Appointments: William S. Greenwalt (Professor of Classics), Anthony Q. Hazard Jr. (Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies)

The major program in history provides students with an understanding of the human experience through the analysis of evidence derived from both the recent and more distant past. As history majors, students learn essential skills, understand the breadth and similarities of the human experience, and acquire specific geographical and thematic knowledge. A degree in history provides excellent preparation for careers in education, journalism, media, government, law, business, and international affairs---all of which are careers that utilize the history major's expertise in discovering, organizing, and analyzing the forces that shape the contemporary world.

Requirements for the Major

In addition to fulfilling university Core Curriculum requirements for the bachelor of arts degree, students majoring in history will complete 13 history courses distributed in the following manner:

  • Four lower-division courses, which may include HIST 11A and 12A

  • Nine upper-division courses, encompassing:

    • HIST 100

    • HIST 101S

    • Six other upper-division courses.

    • One seminar course taken after the student has completed both HIST 101S and 115 quarter units

  • From among the student's lower- and upper-division courses (excluding HIST 100 and 101S), at least one course from four of the following five fields: Global History, the Americas (United States and/or Latin America), Europe, East/South Asia, Africa/West Asia

  • An optional senior project (HIST 197), which is essential to be eligible for Honors in History, may be taken as one of the required upper-division courses

Honors in History

History majors may be selected for graduation with Honors in History provided they have a grade point average of 3.5 or higher in their history courses and complete a senior project (HIST 197) in a manner approved by the faculty honors committee.

Students may also qualify for Phi Alpha Theta, the international honor society in history, Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha Sigma Nu, and other academic honor societies, as well as the honors at graduation. For more details, see Chapters 8 and 10.

Directed Reading/Research

Students can complete directed reading/research (HIST 199) in source materials and secondary works dealing with selected historical problems in world and comparative history. Prerequisite: Permission of department chair and instructor.

Requirements for the Minor

Students must fulfill the following requirements for a minor in history:

  • Seven history department courses, at least four of which must be upper-division

Lower-Division Courses: Cultures & Ideas

11A. and 12A. Cultures & Ideas I and II

A two-course sequence focusing on a major theme in human experience and culture over a significant period of time. Courses emphasize either broad global interconnections or the construction of Western culture in its global context. Courses may address such topics as civilization and the city; explorations, migrations, and nations; and empires and rights. Successful completion of C&I I (HIST 11A) is a prerequisite for C&I II (HIST 12A). (4 units each quarter)

Required Upper-Division Courses

100. Historical Interpretation

An investigation of the diverse methods historians use to examine the past. Required of all majors. For history majors or with permission of the instructor. (5 units)

101S. Historical Writing

Researching and writing history papers. Required of all majors. For history majors and minors; majors will be given priority. Recommended to be taken in the sophomore or junior year. (5 units)

Lower-Division Course: Global History

79. Technology: Steam to Cyborgs

This course provides an overview of important technological advances since the Industrial Revolution and takes a close look at a few specific technological touchstones from the 1760s to the 1920s. The rise of machines during this period profoundly influenced and challenged what it means to be human. A key goal is to question and explore the social and cultural context of emerging technologies and use the past as a guide for preparing ourselves in our own time of rapid change. Topics include the factory system, steam engines, photography, sound recording, cinema, industrial automation and design, and artificial intelligence. (4 units)

Upper-Division Courses: Global History

102. Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in the 20th Century

This course will explore the mass murder of populations defined by ethnicity, nationality, and race in the 20th century. (5 units)

104. World History Until 1492

An overview of the great civilizations of the world prior to the Columbian Exchange, focusing on the geographical, cultural, economic, and political features of the complex societies in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania. Survey of the foundations of each region. Patterns of connection and interdependence in world history. (5 units)

112. The Haitian Revolution in World History and Memory

Between 1789 and 1804, the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue was the site of the most profound and violent realization of the revolutionary spirit sweeping the Atlantic in the "age of democratic revolutions." This era is usually associated with the French and American revolutions, both key events in the history of democracy and the rhetorical development of human rights as an agenda in the West. However, both stopped short of the most radical realization of the promises of the age of Enlightenment, particularly with regard to slavery and the racial discrimination that went along with it. The slave revolt on Saint-Domingue and the Haitian revolution, by contrast, witnessed the fullest realization of these promises in the form of the only successful slave revolt in human history. The events on Hispaniola took place at the nexus of world historical forces of globalization through commerce, cross-cultural encounter, racial mixing, and the dispersal of radical Enlightenment ideas and their realization in the form of revolution. As a result of the powerful currents of human history that flowed through the region, the Haitian revolution has proved to be an enduring source of both fear and creativity in the history of race relations, slavery, and abolition, and the forging of a new world identity for the descendants of the once enslaved populations of the island. This course will examine the history of the revolutionary years in Haiti, its near erasure from Western historical memory, and the literary and historical recovery of its importance in the 20th and 21st centuries. (5 units)

116S. Sex and Gender in the Age of High Imperialism

An examination of the role of sexuality and gender in the global expansion of European hegemony in the 19th and 20th centuries. Explores these themes through literature, historical scholarship, and film. Also listed as WGST 124. (5 units)

121. Human Rights and Humanitarianism

From reading current news articles, one might surmise that the dignity of human beings and their inherent right freedom from undue suffering are self-evident, universally acknowledged goods that we should all pursue regardless of culture, place, or time. In fact, however, contemporary ideas about human rights, as well as humanitarian efforts (often pursued in far distant locales), have a particular history, one rooted in Western Enlightenment-era ideals of individual liberty and the brutal experiences of European imperialism. In this class, we will examine the histories and ideologies of human rights and humanitarianism, consider their underlying assumptions and power dynamics, and investigate the ways these histories relate to current legal, political, and humanitarian organizations and movements. (5 units)

123. History of Plagues, Epidemics, and Infections

An exploration of scientific, social, cultural, political, and ethical contexts in the history of infectious diseases and epidemics. Particular attention is given to how the social framing of epidemiological thought has shaped responses by societies, how public health is an intrinsically political matter, and how we can envision the place played by social justice perspectives in fashioning global public health. (5 units)

138S. Gender and Rights in the Modern Era

This seminar examines gender and rights in the contexts of citizenship, marriage and divorce, reproduction, health, the workplace, the body, and other categories of analysis with cases taken from modern Asia, Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Oceania. Also listed as WGST 127. ( 5 units)

143S. Women in Political Revolutions

Comparative global history seminar that focuses on the political, economic, social, and military leadership of women in several types of revolutionary movements, both violent and nonviolent. Examples are taken from many cultures around the world from the 19th to the 21st centuries. Also listed as WGST 125. (5 units)

145. Islam in the Modern World

Islam is an understudied and thus poorly understood force in world affairs. As a result, many myths and fears have developed about its ideas, institutions, and activities. This course analyzes the diversity and complexity of Muslim cultures and societies in global affairs during the past two centuries. Special attention is paid to Muslims in Europe and the United States. (5 units)

153. Civil Rights and Anti-Colonial Movements

Also listed as ETHN 149. For course description see ETHN 149. (5 units)

179. Technology: Steam to Cyborgs

This course provides an overview of important technological advances since the Industrial Revolution and takes a close look at a few specific technological touchstones from the 1760s to the 1920s. The rise of machines during this period profoundly influenced and challenged what it means to be human. A key goal is to question and explore the social and cultural context of emerging technologies and use the past as a guide for preparing ourselves in our own time of rapid change. Topics include the factory system, steam engines, photography, sound recording, cinema, industrial automation and design, and artificial intelligence. (5 units)

Lower-Division Courses: United States History

60. America's Immigrants

This course will look at the history of immigration to the territory that makes up the United States of America. From the 18th century to events in the modern United States, we will explore the forces driving immigration and the process of acculturation in the United States. Varied case studies provide a starting point to better understand forced migration from Africa, 18th- and 19th-century immigration from Europe, migrant communities from Asia, and 20th- and 21st-century migrations from the Americas into the United States. Beyond understanding the factors driving immigration and the experiences of immigrant communities, this course explores the reception of migrants based on the influence of categories like race, gender, and religion. This class will ground you in the history and politics of immigration within the United States, but also will provide opportunities to reflect on the current debates around immigration, refugees, and other relevant contemporary issues. (4 units)

75. Natives and Newcomers: Early North America

This course explores the history of North America from the eve of European colonization through the mid-18th century. It focuses on key social, economic, and political developments during the period and on cross-cultural interactions between (and among) Euro-American colonists, Native peoples, and peoples of African descent. While the course examines the settler colonies that subsequently became the United States, it also emphasizes the development of the rival French and Spanish empires in North America as well as the rise of pan-Native movements aimed at resisting colonial domination. This course strives to investigate North America's colonial past by considering a wide range of perspectives, reflecting the diversity of the various peoples who shaped its development. (4 units)

83. American Historical Geography

America's geography is not just the stage for American History but an integral player in that history. This course explores how Americans' interactions with the continent's physical geography and built environments have shaped the nation from the pre-colonial era through the present day. Topics covered include: land use by Native peoples and settlers; U.S. expansion; immigration and internal migrations; urbanization, suburbanization, and gentrification; the conservation, preservation and environmental movements; and the response to natural and human-instigated disasters. Special emphasis is placed on topics related to California, and on the experiences of people marginalized by race, class and gender. (4 units)

84. United States Women's History

Examination of the rich history of the changing social, economic, political, and intellectual life of women in the United States. Focuses on issues of gender, race, class, geographic setting, and ethnicity. Primary and secondary sources will be used to examine women's self-conceptions and self-identifications, as well as gender constructs and prescribed roles. Also listed as WGST 57. (4 units)

85. United States Environmental History

Study of American environmental history from the pre-Columbian period to the present. Examines the interactions in history between the physical environment and economics, politics, gender, race, ethnicity, and religions. (4 units)

96A. Colonization, Revolution, and Civil War: The United States, Origins to 1877

A survey of the history of the United States from European colonization to Reconstruction. Political, economic, social, and intellectual aspects of America's first 250 years. (4 units)

96B. Globalization, Reform, and War: The United States, 1877 to Present

A survey of the history of the United States from Reconstruction to the present. Political, economic, social, and intellectual aspects of America in an era of industrialization, international involvement, and domestic change. (4 units)

Upper-Division Courses: United States History

153. Civil Rights and Anti-Colonial Movements

Also listed as ETHN 149. For course description see ETHN 149. (5 units)

155. African-American Pursuit of Freedom

The course covers various strategies African Americans used to attain freedom. These include slave rebellions, moral suasion for the Abolitionist movement, pamphleteering and political tracts by Black intellectuals and their impact on contemporaneous political discourse. Conversely, it engages with important judicial, executive, and legislative decisions that affected the African American struggle for freedom, equality, and manhood/womanhood in the 19th century. It will therefore give particular attention to film and written documentaries on rebellions like the Nat Turner rebellion, cases such as The Missouri Compromise (1820), and laws like The Fugitive Slave Law (1850), It will also examine cases like Dred and Harriet Scott (1857), and proclamations like the Emancipation Proclamation/13th Amendment (1863--1865). Also listed as ETHN 137. (5 units)

156. African-American History

The diversity of the African-American experience---freedom and justice, community and identity, ethnicity and class---continuing through the crusade for political and civil rights and the impact of gender within the black community and struggle into the present century. (5 units)

158. Turmoil and Reform: United States 1877--1920

This informal lecture/discussion course examines the rich history of the evolving social, economic, political, and intellectual life of Americans from the end of Reconstruction through the peace following World War I. This course traces the dramatic changes that took place as the United States transformed into an urban industrial giant. This course also examines tensions between poverty and wealth, and the nation's struggles over immigrants, gender, race, and America's rightful role in global politics. (5 units)

160. America's Immigrants

This course will look at the history of immigration to the territory that makes up the United States of America. From the 18th century to events in the modern United States, we will explore the forces driving immigration and the process of acculturation in the United States. Varied case studies provide a starting point to better understand forced migration from Africa, 18th- and 19th-century immigration from Europe, migrant communities from Asia, and 20th- and 21st-century migrations from the Americas into the United States. Beyond understanding the factors driving immigration and the experiences of immigrant communities, this course explores the reception of migrants based on the influence of categories like race, gender, and religion. This class will ground you in the history and politics of immigration within the United States, but also will provide opportunities to reflect on the current debates around immigration, refugees, and other relevant contemporary issues. (5 units)

165. United States Political History

An exploration of U.S. politics from the creation of the American republic to the present. Themes studied will include the rise and demise of political party systems, clashes between rival interest groups, and the evolving relationship between Americans and their government. The course will focus on several critical turning points in U.S. history when events, individuals, and various social and cultural factors helped shape the nation's political development. (5 units)

168. Malcolm and Martin

This course explores the lives, philosophies, and political activism of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. In an effort to complicate the violence/nonviolence paradigm, which has often pitted the two men as political opponents, this course seeks to uncover the long trajectory of the philosophical development and political activism of both men through the end of each of their lives, in 1965 and 1968 respectively. Both figures' lives and activism are situated within the black freedom movement of the 20th century, which was both transnational and global. As such, this course attempts to locate these two figures within various iterations of black nationalism, civil rights activism, anti-colonialism, and Black Power. Also listed as ETHN 133. (5 units)

170. The American Revolution

Intensive study of the origins, progress, and culmination of the American Revolution to 1800. Emphasis is on the interplay between constitutional, social, economic, and racial issues during the formative era of the United States. (5 units)

171. The New Nation: U.S. From Hamilton to Jackson

Social and political reforms, expansion, and changes, sectional, and national politics of the United States between 1800 and 1850. (5 units)

172. The Civil War Era

A study of the major aspects of the antebellum period, the Civil War, and the problems of Reconstruction. Emphasis is on the development of the slave system and resistance to it on the part of African Americans and other abolitionists, and the role of race and gender in the conduct of the war and in the development of Reconstruction. (5 units)

172A. American Slavery/Emancipation

An investigation of slavery and the slave trade in North America, focusing especially on the United States and its colonial antecedents. We will consider the ways in which Euro-American colonization and the American and Haitian revolutions influenced ideas about race and slavery. We will also examine challenges to slavery, including various forms of resistance by the enslaved, as well as the anti-slavery and abolitionist movements that undermined the institution and contributed to its demise. The course will emphasize the lived experiences of the enslaved and of freed people in the wake of emancipation, as well as slavery's lingering role in shaping ideas about race. Finally, we will consider more recent depictions of slavery intended for broader audiences, such as literature and film, in order to discuss the place of slavery in public consciousness and historical memory. (5 units)

174. Protest and Activism: The U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s

A study of social reform and reaction in America during the 1960s and 1970s. Emphasis is on the relationship among various social movements, such as the civil rights movement, the women's movement, the anti-war movement, and the conservative movement. We will also examine the continuing effects of these various campaigns upon the overall culture of the United States. (5 units)

175. Natives and Newcomers: Early North America

This course explores the history of North America from the eve of European colonization through the mid-18th century. It focuses on key social, economic, and political developments during the period and on cross-cultural interactions between (and among) Euro-American colonists, Native peoples, and peoples of African descent. While the course examines the settler colonies that subsequently became the United States, it also emphasizes the development of the rival French and Spanish empires in North America, as well as the rise of pan-Native movements aimed at resisting colonial domination. The course strives to investigate North America's colonial past by considering a wide range of perspectives, reflecting the diversity of the various peoples who shaped its development. (5 units)

176. Celebrity and Politics: U.S. 1980s to Present

As an investigation of the United States from 1980 to the present, this course surveys the changing nature of American society by focusing on the intertwining of celebrity and politics, beginning with the conservative revolution of the Reagan years and ending at our current divisive political landscape and virtually unlimited access to public figures. The course also examines the changing international context that helped to shape America's role in the world, especially the fall of the Soviet Union and American military action in the Arab world. (5 units)

177. Gays and Lesbians in United States History

Examination of the significance of gay men and lesbians across the broad sweep of American history, beginning with pre-Columbian Native Americans and concluding with the modern era. Religious, intellectual, economic, political, and social ramifications will all be examined. Also listed as WGST 138. (5 units)

178. Race and World War II

Also listed as ETHN 178. For course description see ETHN 178. (5 units)

180. Native Americans of the United States

Native American history from colonial times to the present from the perspective of native peoples. The focus is on selected Indian peoples in each historical period with an emphasis on native responses to changing historical circumstances, the continuity of Native American cultures, and Indian relations with the U.S. government in the 19th and 20th centuries. Topics include colonialism, Native Americans and environments, regional, and tribal histories. Also listed as ETHN 113. (5 units)

183. Whiteness and Immigration in the United States

In this seminar, by examining the changing conceptions of "whiteness" over time, students will gain insight into the political, cultural, and economic shifts that have occurred in American history, reshaping the broader dynamics of race and ethnicity that continue to inform American life in the 21st century. Also listed as ETHN 172. (5 units)

184. American Historical Geography

America's geography is not just the stage for American History but an integral player in that history. This course explores how Americans' interactions with the continent's physical geography and built environments have shaped the nation from the pre-colonial era through the present day. Topics covered include: land use by Native peoples and settlers; U.S. expansion; immigration and internal migrations; urbanization, suburbanization, and gentrification; the conservation, preservation, and environmental movements; and the response to natural and human-instigated disasters. Special emphasis is placed on topics related to California and on the experiences of people marginalized by race, class, and gender. (5 units)

185. African Americans in Postwar Film

Also listed as ETHN 135. For course description see ETHN 135. (5 units)

186. California

Survey of the state's history: its Native American origins, Spanish invasion and missionization, Mexican period, U.S. conquest, gold rush, and development to the present. (5 units)

188S. The Making of Modern America: The Progressive Era

This seminar examines the progressives (1880--1920), a group of reformers who struggled to more equitably redistribute the wealth and power of the newly industrialized, urbanized America, achieving mixed results. The impact of this crucial period of reform on politics, gender, class, business, the environment, leisure, and foreign affairs will be examined in order to illuminate current political and social views and actions. Students are evaluated on their informed participation and a research paper. (5 units)

189. Special Topics in United States History

Courses offered occasionally on subjects outside the standard curriculum in modern United States history. (5 units)

Lower-Division Courses: European History

16. Ancient Greek Religion

Also listed as CLAS 67. For course description see CLAS 67. (4 units)

17. Ancient Roman Religion

Also listed as CLAS 68. For course description see CLAS 68. (4 units)

30. The French Revolution: An Introduction

The French Revolution of 1789 topped the greatest monarchy in Europe and ultimately ushered in Napoleon Bonaparte's empire. But it also introduced into the Western world the political vocabulary we still use today. Whenever we use political designations such as left and right, or talk about nationalism and citizenship and the rights of man, the French Revolution is being invoked, whether we know it or not! This class explores the exciting events of the revolution through literature, art, and film and the often-heated debates among historians about the real meaning of these dramatic years. (4 units)

94. Europe

A thematic approach to European history, from Early Modern to the present. (4 units)

Upper-Division Courses: European History

106. The Rise of Macedonia through the Youth of Alexander the Great

Europe's first royal dynasty---that of the Macedonian Argead House---produced two kings in the fourth century BCE, Philip II and Alexander III (the "Great"), who changed the course of Western history forever. Thoroughly steeped in the culture of the polis, Macedonia and its kings nevertheless represented the antithesis of the city states' political achievements. This course will focus on the development of the Macedonian kingdom from its earliest days through the reign of its greatest king, Philip (circa 650--336 BCE). It will preface the meteoric career of Macedon's most famous monarch, Alexander, and the Hellenistic age that followed. Also listed as CLAS 118. (5 units)

107. The World of Gladiators

This course provides an introduction to the study of the Roman world, with emphasis on the use of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Students will be introduced to the disciplines of archaeology, numismatics, epigraphy, and ceramic studies, and within these disciplines will examine and compare different methods of evaluating ancient evidence and data sets. Through utilizing different types of evidence and modes of analysis, this course introduces students to the society, culture, history, and economy of the Roman world from the Iron Age to Late Antiquity. Also listed as CLAS 172 and ANTH 173. (5 units)

108. Ancient Greece

Also listed as CLAS 108. For course description see CLAS 108. (5 units)

109. The Hellenistic Age

Also listed as CLAS 109. For course description see CLAS 109. (5 units)

110. Roman Republic

Also listed as CLAS 110. For course description see CLAS 110. (5 units)

111. Roman Empire

Also listed as CLAS 111. For course description see CLAS 111. (5 units)

115S. Revolutions in Sex, Race, and Rights

In the modern world, the contrast between slavery and freedom shaped discussions of human rights, whether that of the abstract citizen or of slaves, free blacks, European women, or colonized peoples. This course examines the terms by which the notion of citizenship was defined and granted over the course of the past three centuries with a focus on the Atlantic world. Key historical questions we will explore include: Who is a citizen and what defines him or her as a citizen? On what grounds were rights granted to citizens? How were gender and race defined, and how did those definitions determine the meaning of citizen? How did disenfranchised groups argue for their rights, and in what situations were their claims successful? Also listed as WGST 169. (5 units)

117. State and Church in the Middle Ages, 1000--1450

This course examines the struggles between state and church that formed modern Western political institutions. Topics include the rise of royal and papal theocracy, the emergence of the idea of limited government, the foundation of representative institutions as well as modern legal institutions, and the origins of the modern state. (5 units)

118. Representation, Rights, and Democracy, 1050--1792

This course charts the development of modern democracy from its roots in the Middle Ages to its implementation during the American and French revolutions, with a major emphasis on the tension of political theory and practice in its formation. Topics include the evolution of representation and citizenship and the place of social, economic, racial, and gendered forces in the formation. (5 units)

120. The Crusades: Christian and Muslim Perspectives

This course traces the history of the Crusades from the 11th to 16th centuries, using both Christian and Muslim perspectives on these wars to gauge their impact upon both Western Europe and the Islamic society of the Mediterranean. Students will explore the interplay of religious, social, political, and economic forces that motivated Christians and Muslims during these struggles, the impact the Crusades had upon both Christian and Muslim religious and social sensibilities, and the reasons for the success of the early Crusaders, the complex response of Muslim authorities to the European invasion, and the eventual success of Muslim forces in driving Christian forces far back into Europe. (5 units)

122. The Holocaust

Introduces students to the history of the Holocaust, the persecution and mass murder of Jews in Nazi Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe from 1933 to 1945. Also considers violence, including mass murder, carried out against other groups deemed racially undesirable by the Nazis (e.g., people with mental and physical disabilities, the Romany, Slavic peoples). (5 units)

126. Conflicts in Medieval Christianity

This course is an examination of the religious tensions and conflicts that helped form later medieval Christianity. It treats heresies, the Inquisition, developing notions of orthodoxy and authority, the warrior Christianity of the Crusades, mendicancy and urban attitudes toward Christian perfection, the new monasticism, the development of a new personal approach to religion, lay tensions with the clergy, and the climate of reformation that spread through Europe. (5 units)

128. Crime, Prostitution, and Poverty in Victorian London

This course explores the social and cultural history of London from the 1830s to 1900. Particular emphasis is placed on the strong contrast that Victorian London offered between imperial splendor and grinding misery. Students will examine Victorian perception and experiences of London poverty, filth, prostitution, and assorted vices, as well as art, culture, entertainment, and social reform movements. (5 units)

130A. French Enlightenment and Revolutions in Global Context

This course surveys the history of France from the Enlightenment through the late-19th century with particular emphasis on France's empire and transnational connections. Particular areas of emphasis include the development of French nation identity; the Revolution's key role in the development of democracy and republican political institutions and language; and Enlightenment ideas of religious tolerance and human rights. (5 units)

130B. Late Modern France and the World

This course surveys the history of France from the founding of the Third Republic in 1870 to the present day with particular emphasis on republican universalism, French overseas imperialism, the Dreyfus Affair, the struggle for women's equality, the role and experience of France in the two World Wars, and late-20th century patterns of decolonization and migration. (5 units)

131. Britain and the First World War

World War I gave birth to a range of difficult questions regarding the relationship between democratic ideals and how societies organize for modern conflicts, setting a strong pattern for the 20th century and continuing to possess strong resonances for today. What strains and opportunities does war place upon democratic societies? Does modern patriotism enable or distort the aspirations of free societies? What forces propel individuals to assist or resist modern war making? This course encourages students to think of war as not an activity solely directed by generals and politicians, but rather a social and cultural event that is formed and negotiated by citizens, workers, and parents. This course places the World War I battlefront in the context of British imperial history, and especially examines how four years of fighting shaped Britain's modern national and civic identity. Readings and materials cover the significance of the home front in many forms including the propaganda machine, the Irish problem, public school tradition, industrial organization and trade union activity, and the women's vote campaign. Civic groups organized by peace protesters, conscientious objectors, suffragists, and striking workers will be explored alongside groups such as national service advocates, Empire leagues, Boys Scouts, and civil preparedness organizations. (5 units)

132. Democracy Under Siege: Ancient Athens and Modern America

Also listed as CLAS 113. For course description see CLAS 113. (5 units)

133. History of Sexuality

Study of the history of sexuality in modern Europe. Examination of topics such as the politics of prostitution, abortion, and pornography; changing sexual norms and practices; the invention of homosexuality and heterosexuality; professional and state involvement in the supervision and regulation of sexualities; intersections of sexuality with gender, ethnicity and race, nationality, class, and religion; connections between sexuality and imperialism; sexual communities and movements. Also listed as WGST 137. (5 units)

134. Reformers and Revolutionaries in Tsarist Russia

Examination of politics, society, and culture in the Russian Empire from the reign of Peter the Great to the fall of the Romanov Dynasty in 1917. Themes include state building and modernization; peasant rebellion and the institution of serfdom; the nobility and its discontents; imperial expansion and the multiethnic Empire; the Orthodox Church and popular religion; aristocratic revolt and the Russian revolutionary intelligentsia; Alexander II and the Great Reforms; the growth of radicalism; industrialization and social change; the Revolution of 1905; and the crisis of the Old Regime. (5 units)

136. Gender and National Identity in 20th-Century Eastern and Western Europe

An exploration of the ways in which social anxieties and ideas about gender, race, nationality, class, and sexuality shaped political, economic, social, and cultural developments in Eastern and Western Europe in the 20th century. Topics include challenges to bourgeois society in pre-war Europe; World War I in a raced and gendered world; the threat of the Soviet East and gender and sexual "disorder" in the 1920s; gender and anti-colonialism in India; the rise of fascism and its intersections with racism, sexuality, and misogyny; World War II and the Holocaust; communism and anti-Semitism in Czechoslovakia; gender and culture in post-World War II Europe; the battle for Algerian independence and the politics of decolonization; the 1968 revolutions in Eastern and Western Europe; the feminist and gay and lesbian liberation movements; masculinity and labor in Thatcher-era Britain; race, gender, and national identity in a postcolonial and post-Communist Europe; the gendering of communism; ethnic cleansing and the collapse of the Eastern bloc. Also listed as WGST 172. (5 units)

137. The Soviet Experiment

An examination of the Soviet experiment to build the first self-proclaimed socialist government in history. Emphasis on political and economic policies, cultural practices, everyday life, and the evolution of social identities and roles, taking into account gender, regional, and national differences. (5 units)

139. Special Topics in European History

Courses offered occasionally on subjects outside the standard curriculum in modern Europe. (5 units)

Lower-Division Courses: African, West Asian, Middle Eastern History

91. Africa in World History

Historical survey of the origins and development of African cultures from ancient times to the onset of European colonialism in the 20th century. Focus on selected civilizations and societies. Patterns of African social, economic, and political life. (4 units)

97. West Asia and the Middle East

A survey of the cultural, religious, economic, and political development of western Asia and northeastern Africa up to 1900 CE. (4 units)

Upper-Division Courses: African, West Asian, Middle Eastern History

140. Life History Approaches to Atlantic-African Worlds

This course will explore writings by African-born individuals during the Atlantic period. It will focus on how they describe their experience of slavery and colonialism in Africa, their perceptions of and experiences in the Western World, as well as African-American perceptions of and experiences in Africa. The themes we will explore will include, but not limited to, colonialism, slave captivity narratives, autobiographical and biographical accounts of free blacks and African slaves in Europe and the Americas, the experiences of African royalty abroad, and African contributions to the birth of African-American culture and the emergence of "Creole" societies in the New World. (5 units)

141. Politics and Development in Independent Africa

African economic, social, and political problems after independence. Major ideologies and international conflict. (5 units)

142. Modern West Asia and North Africa

An examination of the political, economic, and religious forces that helped to shape the contemporary nation-state system of western Asia and northern Africa. Analysis of the consequences of European expansion and colonialism, Zionism, Arab nationalism, and pan-Arabism and the development of political Islam in both regional and global affairs. (5 units)

144S. Islam in Africa

Examination of the history and contemporary role of Islam in Africa. The principal topics are the development of Islamic ideas and institutions, the impact of Islam on African cultures, the role of Islam in contemporary political and economic development, and the interaction between African and non-African organizations and governments. (5 units)

149. Special Topics in African or Middle Eastern History

Courses offered occasionally on subjects outside the standard curriculum in African or Middle Eastern history. (5 units)

157. Black Migration in the World

This course examines the dynamic and sustained relationship between Africa and the African Diaspora through the multiple lenses of U.S. blacks, West Indian, Afro-Brazilian, Afro-European, and Afro-Cuban missions, travel, migration, and repatriation to various locations in Africa. The course entails a consideration of the religious exchanges, ethnic/racial transformations, travel tropes, and discourses on Pan-African identity that characterized the Back-to-Africa Movement in various locations of the Atlantic World. It will introduce students to a historiography of Black intellectuals, individuals, and groups who look to Africa as not only an ancestral homeland, but as a site of Christian evangelization, trade, pursuit of freedom and happiness, as well as social justice. (5 units)

Lower-Division Courses: East Asian, South Asian, and Indian Ocean History

55. Southeast Asia

Historical survey of the civilizations of Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and the Philippines from their origins to the present day. The focus will be on societies, cultures, religions, colonialism, nationalism, and postmodern socioeconomic issues. (4 units)

92. Modern East Asia

An examination of the emergence of modern nations from the rich and diverse cultures of the Pacific and their mutual transformations since 1600. Analyzes linkages within the region and with other regions using concepts borrowed from anthropology, cultural studies, economics, and political science. Particular focus on China, Japan, and Korea from the 1600's to the present.(4 units)

Upper-Division Courses: East Asian, South Asian, and Indian Ocean History

146A. Medieval and Early Modern Japan

From the early medieval period through the middle of the 19th century, Japan developed as a blend of indigenous cultures, religions, and institutions and continental (Chinese and Korean) civilization and later European and American ideologies and imperialism. This course examines culture, ideas, religions, society/economy, and global interactions. (5 units)

146B. Modern Japan in the World

An examination of Japanese history in its global context since 1600, with emphases on its 19th century "economic miracle"; problems faced by a rapidly modernizing and globalizing society; questions of national security and imperialism; reconstructing gender, personhood, and rights of Japanese men and women at several key moments in "modern" society; social and political movements such as suffrage and labor; war and reconstruction; and diaspora, both of people and ideas. (5 units)

147A. Wonders of Ancient China

Chinese civilization from the earliest times to the early modern global encounter with the West. Includes Shang oracle bones, Emperor Qin Shi Huang and his terracotta army, the origins of the Great Wall and the Silk Road, Genghis Khan and the Mongol conquest, Tang empresses, Marco Polo, Zheng He and his expedition to Africa, the glories of the Ming dynasty, and Jesuit missionaries. Topics also include the evolution of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; development of political institutions; analysis of the pre-industrial economic experience; and state-society relations. (5 units)

147B. Modern China

Social, political, economic, and cultural development of China from the 17th to 21st centuries. Topics include China's state formation from monarchy to socialism; cultural history from Confucianism to individualism; issues of poverty and population; intellectual and cultural changes and the role of the West in these changes; and the indigenous forces shaping China's modern evolution. (5 units)

150. Gender and Sexuality in East Asia

The historical study of women and men is necessarily the historical study of gendered societies. While there are important linkages among China, Japan, and Korea---for example, shared religious traditions, the varied experiences of imperialism, the central role of women and the construction of gender in modernity, and the physical movement of women and men among the three countries---there are also significant differences. This course will explore changes over time in sexualities, work experiences, civic culture, the gendered state, and marriage and family in the three countries. Also listed as WGST 126. (5 units)

151. Imperialism in East Asia

This course examines the cultural, social, political, and economic effects of imperialism in East Asia. Imperialism took varied forms, depending on the interests of the imperialist country and the conditions in the country under imperialism. Readings will use both literary and historical sources. (5 units)

152. History of Christianity in China

The history of Christianity in China from the seventh century to the present. We will explore the earliest evidence of Christianity in China, the Franciscan missions to the Mongols, the arrival of the Jesuits, the Chinese rites controversy, the persecution of Christianity, the rise of Protestant missions, and the explosive growth of Christianity in China today. We will also explore issues of church-state conflict, religious debate and conversion, and the complex interplay between foreign missions and Chinese developments. (5 units)

159. Special Topics in Asian History

Courses offered occasionally on subjects outside the standard curriculum in Asian history. (5 units)

Lower-Division Courses: Latin American History

64. Central America

Survey of Central America from independence to the present. Focus on three Central American countries: Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Emphasis on recent developments; social, economic, and political problems (militarism, dictatorship); and the nature of U.S. policy vis-à-vis Central America. (4 units)

95. Modern Latin America

In the 20th century, Latin American nations emerged onto the world scene with economic growth that brought conflict and control, dependence and revolution, dictatorship and democracy. The course focuses on Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, and Central America as it studies their underlying similarities and differences up to the present. (4 units)

Upper-Division Courses: Latin American History

161. Modern Mexico

Mexico since the Benito Juárez regime to the present. Emphasis on the Porfiriato, the 1910 Revolution and its institutionalization, and the development of the modern state. (5 units)

162. Argentina

Soldiers and missions, cities and plains, gauchos and immigrants, war and poetry, beef and wheat, politicians and a pope---these things and more describe the history of the complex, sophisticated land that occupies the southern part of the hemisphere. This course explores Argentina's progress from a remote mystery to a cosmopolitan center of learning and business. The course brings into focus the challenges of unity, democracy, nationalism, freedom, and justice, with attention to the populist, authoritarian, and constitutional conflicts of the present. (5 units)

163. Cuba and the Caribbean

A survey from the colonial period to the present of three Caribbean nations: Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. Emphasis on 20th-century developments; social, economic, and political issues (dictatorship, revolution, social stratification); and the role of U.S. policy vis-à-vis Cuba and the Caribbean. (5 units)

164S. The Catholic Church in Latin America

Readings, discussion, and research focused on the historical place, social role, and religious significance of the Catholic Church in Latin America, with attention to church-state issues, liberation theology, and the impact of the Church in nations affected by development, globalization, and poverty. (5 units)

166. Latin America: Empires

This course studies the four great traditions that give rise to the dominant peoples and cultures of Latin America. Beginning with the priests and warriors of Maya and Aztec Mexico and the children of the mountains and the sky in the Andes, it examines the soldiers, mystics, and ranchers of the Spanish viceroyalties, and the traders and planters of Brazil. The course concludes with the major independence movements in Mexico, Argentina, Gran Colombia, and Brazil. (5 units)

169. Special Topics in Latin American History

Courses offered occasionally on subjects outside the standard curriculum in Latin American history. (5 units)

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