Selected Publications

This article shows that a four-year mindset intervention in disadvantaged middle schools led to a 0.05 standard deviation increase in GPA, associated with more optimistic beliefs, more self-criticism, and improved school behaviour. Treatment effects were larger in terms of both GPA and National Exam results for students with relatively better social, academic, and discipline profiles. According to international empirical benchmarks, this mindset intervention is highly cost-effective but the effect size remains small despite repeated exposure over four years.